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The Noe-classical literature
NAME :-Olakiya
Sonal Z.
ROLL NO :-31
PAPER NO :-2
SEMESTER :-1(one)
YEAR :-2016-2018
EMAIL ID :-sonalolakiya2405@gmail.com.
SUBMITTED :-Dr.Dillip Barad Dept of Eng.
Smt.S.B
Gardi Maharaja
Krishnakumar Sinhji Bhavnagar Univercity.
Topic: Gulliver's Travels as a satirical Exploration of Fictions
an illusion.
· Introduction
Jonathan swift was born in Dublin
in 1667.Through his parents were of English origin in,
swift loved the land of his birth and fought for the Irish cause with great
loyalty. England had invaded Ireland and conquered it. It had been taken away
from the Irish and Irish economy was at the mercy of the English
aristocracy who encored themselves and left their Irish tenants
in a state of affairs that prompted swift to write a fierce satire on
the English landlord in a modest proposal.
In this pamphlet he recommends with ironic seriousness, that
every Irish woman should produce children for the English man’s table . Swift
exposed the pathetic state of the Irish peasants whose only solution to poverty
would be able to sell their children as delicacies for the English noble man’s
table. Swift wrote a witty allegory on the religious controversies of
the time entitled A Tale of Tub. It is a celebrated satire on the corruptions
in religion conveyed through a simple story of three brothers Peter, Martin and
Jack who allegorically represent the Catholics, Anglicans and
non-conformists or Calvinistic respectively.
Swift’s greatest literary work is “Gulliver’s Travels” published in 1726.
Although swift professed to hate the species called ‘man’, he loved
individuals.”Gulliver’s Travels “is satire on human nature.
“GULLIVER’S TRAVELS” BY JONATHAN SWIFT IS
UNIVERSAL BOOK.
Along with sharp political
satire, it touches such important-mess themes as morality, religion,
politics, human nature and quest for sense of life “Gulliver’s travels” did not
lose its relevance now days because it is not only a sharp
political satire of the English government of the 18th century,
but also it refers to every political system who
practices injustice ways to choose leaders and ministers. “ A
Gulliver travel is considered a universal text due to his universal themes and
issues which discussed in the book. This book is about human nature in general
it is not restricted to one country or to particular group of people. We can
found Lilliput in our daily live not in the size, but in the ideas they are
representing. Moreover readers can identify easily with those strange
people Gulliver met for example, the Houyhnhnm represent
many of hypocrite’s people or governments who claimed that they are perfect and
has no vice in their society because they don’t know it is name but
they practice this vice. Gulliver travels is a universal text as it
talk directly to the reader and the more he go deep he found new
meaning for this text, asking for the nature of the human being like
what we watched in class when he says who I am? And this is a major concern of
the humanity which asserts that Gulliver’s Travels is a universal book. In
addition Swift is the one who concerns about the idea of life and death and the
concept of survival in humans mind.
The satire of Gulliver’s Travels
During the 18th century there was an incredible upheaval
of commercialization in London England as a
result, English society underwent significant, “change in attitude
and thought”, in an attempt to obtain the dignity
and spender of royalty and the upper class. As a
result English society held themselves in very high regards, feeling
that they were the elite society of mankind. in this novel, Gulliver’s travels,
Jonathan swift satirize this English society in many ways .in
the novel, swift uses metaphors to reveal his disapproval
of English society. Through graphic representations of the body
and its functions, swift reveals to the reader that grandeur is merely an
illusion a facade behind which English society of his
time attempted to hide from reality.
v VOYAGE-1 LILLIPUT:-
On his first voyage, swift places Gulliver in
a land of miniature people where his giant size is meant as
a metaphor for his superiority over the Lilliputians, thus
representing English society’s belief in superiority over all others.
We saw that Gulliver play with the small and tiny Lilliputian sometimes
he took the Lilliputians in his hand. He protects them and plays
with them. Like this way he is the owner and others are means Lilliputian are
his slave. He has a power. Because he was giant than the Lilliputian.
v VOYAGE:-2 BROBDINGNAG:-
In
this Brobdingnag the situation is reversed. Gulliver is now marooned
and dwarfed in the land of giants who are over forty feet tall. He
now becomes the midget he had laughed at in Lilliput Observed through
the microscopic eyes of Gulliver, the Brobdingnagian are hideous in
size and stature, and Gulliver realizes that he must have been just
as hideous to the little people in Lilliput. Here swift satirizes the physical grossness
of the human and the grotesque ugliness of the human body.
The malignancy of the human as a political
animal and the accompanying. Propensities for destruction
are podiatry in the person of Gulliver. He is little more Than
an insect in Brobdingnag and at his best, an amusing toy. His
glorious account
Of the English Political system and England’s preparations for war horrify
the benevolent concludes that the English must be “The most pernicious race
of little odious vermin
that Nature ever suffered to crawl upon
the surface of the earth”. Gulliver ends up in a miniature box which
is picked up by a giant eagle and dropped into the ocean.
“THE WANT OF WHICH KNOWLEDGE WILL EVER PRODUCE MANY PREJUDICES
AND A CERTAIN NARROWNESS OF THINKING FROM WHICH WE AND THE POLITER. COUNTRIES
OF EUROPE ARE WHOLLY EXEMPTED”
· VOYAGE 3 LAPUTA:-
A Voyage
to LAPUTA Brobdingnag, Luggna, Glubbudubdrib and Japan is a satire on
the scientists and philosophers of the age. The people of LAPUTA have
extra ordinary physical features, heads turned at an angle, one eye turned up
ward and the other inward. The Laputans, we are told, are so taken up with
Intense speculation
about theatrical mathematics that they constantly worry about
abstract issues such as the sun burning out or a comet colliding with the
earth. But they are totally in-pet when it comes to practical things like
constructing starlight walls for their houses. Though the people
of LAPUTA Swift ridicules the experiment of the Royal Society
and allied institutions of the time .His descriptions of the projects at the
academy of Lagado are brilliantly comic and emphasize their
impractical nature. For experimented with building, houses, starting at the
roof and working down to the foundations. Glubbdubdrib is the island of
sorcerers and magicians where it is possible to summon people who are dead
to make an appearance. Gulliver amuses himself by summoning Homer
and Aristotle and comparing them and others. In Luggnag, Gulliver en
counts the strange phenomenon of the struldbruggs, immortal beings with
decay in their bones and “deformities in extreme old age” (231) attending them.
The experiments of LAPUTA, Blanibarbi and Luggnagg do not yield any
thing their result. Only in misery, he decays Ann death. The freighting, emptiness and sterility in
of a purely scientific society is evident from this book. After a
brief journey to Japan, Gulliver returns to England before setting out on his
final voyage.
v Voyage:-4 Country the Houyhnhnm’s:-
A voyage-to the country
of the Houyhnhnm narrates the experiences of Gulliver in the
land of the Houyhnhnm or horses, and the land of
the Houyhnhnm or horses are creatures governed solely by reason, free
from any emotion or passions, while the yahoos who physically resemble
human beings are ruled purely by “animal” instincts. The human is
placed between the two extremes of rationality and minimalist
observed. From the Houyhnhnm view point, Gulliver or man whom the 18th century had
defined as an animal whose most striking feature was the ability to reason
is primarily a yahoo, with only glimmer of reason Gulliver is
repulsed at being identified with the yahoo sin the land of
the Houyhnhnm. In his conversation with the master-horse (whose
language Gulliver has learnt) he explains the customs practiced in
England, including the wearing of clothes by humans (who resemble the yahoos).
The government of the people, the legal system, and the uses of money as
instruments of purchase. Many of the concepts can not be translated
into the the Houyhnhnm language their vocabulary and range of
experience were limited. The horses with their total lack of feeling and
emotion are seen as being far from ideal. They are as dull and insipid as the
yahoos with their animal sensuality are revolting .Swift seems to indicate
to us that the nature of the human is complex and defies definition unlike
that of the yahoos and the Houyhnhnm. The book for all its harsh satire
and anger, instructs humans to see themselves with humility and
honesty; it condemns pride, ego and myopic self esteem. It urges every person
to use reason to be a good Christian.
v
Satire of Human nature
Satire is a literary genre in which human vices, weakness, foibles
and follies are held up to ridicule. Wit and humour are commonly used
as instruments of satire. Satirical writings were popular in England in
the 18th century some of the well-known satires of the period
include Pope’s The Rape of the lock, Manville's fable of the Bess and Swift’s A
modest proposal and Battle of the books which range from gentle to
biting satire reason and virtue were concepts central to the 18th century philosophical
discourse. While writers like Shaftesbury saw the humans as “naturally”
benevolent and endowed with virtue ,others like Swift perceived a disconnect
between moral standards set by society and actual ways of living. In Gulliver’s
travels Swift uses satire as a vehicle to point the depraved state of human
kind .Some critics have observed that Swift is a misanthrope because he paints
human nature as a whole in a sordid and redeeming features to humanity. Others
see Swift’s work as an attempt to join the human race out of
its complacency and turn them towards the direction of self
realization and redemption. Swift seems to be holding up a mirror to society so
that in viewing the gross magnification of its vices, humanity has a hope for
the future. Describing Swift’s satirical technique
Basil Wiley comments “His effort is always to strip the object
satirized of the film of familiarity which normally reconciles us to
it, and to make us see it as in itself really is, as the child saw the
unclothed emperor in Hans Andersen’s story.
The voyages to Lilliput and Brobdingnag focus on the flaws in human society, with
particular reference to English society. In Lilliput, humans are seen as
diminutive creatures, crawling about without dignity or grandeur.
Their efforts and institutions are devoid of significance and they seem to
wallow in empty pride. The situation is reserved in the next part where humans
are observed as physically coarse, vulgarian gross in Brobdingnag. Gulliver
grand presentation of the nature of English political and judicial institutions
is met with a caustic remark from the king on the pernicious nature of
the human being which reflects Swift’s own stance regarding the
hollow and contemptible nature of British legal and political
systems. The king is only Swift’s own vehicle of truth.
The satire on human nature becomes more pointed and sustained in the
third and fourth voyages. The Laputansare criticized for
their preoccupation with speculative reasoning
and theoretical abstractions that the sun may burn up one day that
the earth may collide with a comet and lead to total annihilation.
They are not concerned with the practical aspects of everyday
living. The projects undertaken by the member of the Grand Academy of Lagado
lend themselves to sharp humour and satire .The experiment range from
extracting sunbeams out of cucumbers to separating human excrement and reducing
it to its original poor and building houses starting at the roof and working
down to the foundations. Reason devoid of common sense
is satirized in this section. The ludicrous nature
of experimentation for the sake of experimentation and having no
basis in reality is highlighted here.
In the land of
the Houyhnhnm’s, the role of humans and animals are reserved .The horses
represent reason in all its perfection but they have no individual identity.
They appear to be the ideal human in the stoicism they maintain but
have no human qualities such as compassion or love. They are an reachable ideal
on the other hand the yahoos who resemble humans are despicable, sensual and
bestial Gulliver’s voyages conclude with humours satire as
Gulliver is so taken up with the “Noble Houyhnhnm and is so
impressed with their culture and their attitudes that he even imitates
their gain and manner, trotting and neighing like a horse. Satire in Gulliver’s
Travels also extends to human institutions, to politics and the state.
This will be examined in the section on Gulliver’s travels as a political
allegory.
v
FICTION AND ILLUSIO
In this novel
Swift create a longer fiction. It is a fiction and illusions because the
four voyages of the novel Gulliver’s travels are not real. The voyage of
Lilliput in this voyage we saw the tiny people they are so much tiny than
Gulliver, we saw that how they take Gulliver in the court, and the way they
live is different and they arrange food for Gulliver and all the things .The
world of tiny people ewe cannot saw in this real world .We cannot
believe that there is a world like this. So it is the fictions we cannot saw
the world like this but quite good. In the second voyage of the
Brobdingnag .The world of giant the people of that world are
the forty en chis and they are so much bigger than the
Gulliver. In this voyage the situation is totally reverse. In this
voyage Gulliver is became tiny people .In this voyage Gulliver treat like a pet
and a girl keep him like her pet and once she sold Gulliver in a market, he do
many tricks in front of the queen. So here Gulliver feels the
powerless person because in Lilliput he has power but in this world he is tiny.
In this voyage we saw the very giant men and also this type of giant world we
cannot saw in reality.
The voyage of LAPUTA the floating Island. The Island
was floating in the air, and people were lived in that island.
In the real life this type of island we cannot see .We can’t see the
Island which is floating in the sky so we can see that there is no
reality in this voyage, it is fictional and imagery world. The voyage
of Houyhnhnm s the master are horses and the yahoos who looking like
a man are slaves and this is also a fiction and illusion because in
real life we cannot saw the world in which animal are master who rule over the
yahoos or man. It is the world which cannot be seen in real. No animal can rule
over the man. So, we saw the entire voyage in this novel is not real, because
we see this type of world cannot be possible in this world. There cannot be
world like this.
v CONCLUSION:-
Swift represent the society and political situation of 18th century in
this time England, suffer from superiority complex and here he represent
the society of the England in 18th century he sari zed on the society
of England and also satire on the human nature. Swift creates a beautiful
fictional world and by a character of a Gulliver he has successfully
represent the society of England in 18th century.
(wikipedia)
wikipedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=PXIjbWXpbAoC&pg=PR6&lIrony%20is%20a%20literary%20device%20by%20which%20an%20author%20uses%20words%20or%20expressions%20which%20mean%20more%20or%20less%20the%20exact%20opposite%20of%20what%20he%20intends%20to%20convey.pg
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